The Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve Essay

The Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve Essay History has formed into two perspectives, when the period of 1975, with a wide unanimity about the advancement of pre-1975, which is well catch (comprehended). Bifurcation begins in 1975, when the Philips bend stall into two fork (parts) of the street with having a little association between two branches or forks. As we look towards the significant commitment of the paper, by the wellspring of bifurcation (isolate it into branches) so as to inspect the commitments of the forks that happen post 1975. The pre history of the Philips bend before 1975 is direct and clear in its way. Philips at first find the historical backdrop of existing negative connection among swelling and joblessness named as Philips bend, that was a short time later promoted by Samuelson and Solow, and afterward followed by the period when the approach creator were assuming to accomplishment the exchange off between them so as to decrease the joblessness on the expense of expanding expansion. For that improvement o f Friedman, Phelps and lucas vanquished the approach accomplishment exchange off for since a long time ago run financial unbiasedness. At the point when Sargent clarified the disappointment of their trial of unbiasedness, made refusal on the actualized econometric form of Philips bend during the 1960s injury, lastly they were sentenced to the decimated touch of the negative connection between's the joblessness and expansion in the time of 1960s changed over to the positive in 1970s by the lucas and Sargent. The unprejudiced planner and the enemy of Keynesian exchange off rose triumph with having significant provisos of that concerned model were unconvincing just as their value astonishes all were leading numerous mix-ups with no supporting confirmations. Writing of Philips bend split in two measurements after 1975 (the time of advancement of PC), when everybody neglected to perceive the commitment of others. The other area surveys the predictable, enthusiastic and dynamic total inte rest and gracefully structure that come into front in late 1970s in hypothetical commitment and in course readings of large scale financial matters. This methodology is resolved, in light of the fact that the swelling rate is overwhelmed by the perseverant in type of various long slacks when contrasted with past expansion rate. In the standard methodology the major significant contrast is that the post swelling rate is boundless to frame the desires, yet in addition includes the perseverant impact because of the compensation and value the agreements of fixed-span, additionally the slacks of unripe material and last products costs. Because of the interest and gracefully stuns expansion unstuck from its past lazy qualities. This methodology of econometric usage at some point called triangle since it indicating the three cornered flexibly, request and idleness. As the aftereffects of gracefully stuns, the methodology portrays the expansion and joblessness tops in the period of 1970s and mid 1980s, that gives the relative investigation of valley of low joblessness and swelling in late 1990s. It might stress that joblessness and swelling can either be contrarily and emphatically associated and furthermore relying upon the flexibly stuns and reactions. During the period of ahead of schedule and mid 1960, the three periods of Philips bend created e following outcomes. Right off the bat, the Philips bend furnish the arrangement creator with a menu of various alternatives. Furthermore, the arrangement guides of the Kennedy and Johnson government, that drove by Walter Heller having support from Robert Solow and James Tobin, they made conversation that the past Republican government (organization) had picked a point excessively far south east alongside the Philips bend exchange off, that time considered valuable due to getting the nation move again from south east to north-west. President Kennedy got a type of proposals from Hellers bunch applicable to the significant cuts in administrative personal charges and these were actualized by the Johnson government in two periods of 1964 and 1965 after the passing of president. Samuelson and Solow had determined the joblessness rate in the late 1963 that was 5.5% and good along zero swelling, so it was reasonable to execute the expansionary financial arrangement of Kennedy-Johnson that quicken the swelling even without extricating the floodlight monetary pattern because of the war of Vietnam. We allude to look at the time of 1960 to 1971by taking the quarterly information of US expansion and joblessness and afterward come back to a similar image of development of Philips bend banter began in the post 1971 about the swelling and joblessness. Third viewpoint was the pace of joblessness fall underneath 5.5% in 1964 and stayed beneath 4% in the middle of 1966 to 1970. The ups and down in expansion stayed good in econometric model with having the characteristic joblessness rate (predictable with consistent swelling as opposed to the zero swelling) in the scope of 5.5% 6.0%. Another part of that period was the innovation of centralized server (the excessively electronic PC). Just because, the PC made it useful to appraise the huge scope econometric models contained in (Formm and Tauban 1968). These model comprised of two conditions. The primary informative variable in that condition of consolidated Philips bend was the joblessness rate, now and then the pace of progress of joblessness rate, a few factors measure the normal swelling of sets of slacks and on charge rates. In the condition of value level to the pay level the assessed difference in wage was normally converted into the swelling rate and balanced for the profitable propensity, the alleged unit work cost inclination. Request was seriously estimated and reacts by the value work cost proportion. The value work cost proportion or increase was permitted to react to a proportion of interest, this specific circumstance identified with the gainful market not to the joblessness rate, for example, the proportion like the unfilled shipment orders. The swelling rate rely upon the pace of progress of joblessness in the decrease type of this methodology where it measure the interest just as various slacks of expansion. With managing the test of Friedman-Phelps common rate speculation, an issue experienced indicating the contention in the information taken in the late 1960s. Despite the fact that, the relating rivalry, the element was given among the various branches of financial matters working at the University of Chicago, dealings occurring in the middle of Milton Friedman and Franco Modigliani. A discussion happened between them in 965 by their co-creators over the issue that solitary money related arrangement made a difference or just financial approach made a difference and discussed appeared to be fabulous when the outcomes depended on IS-LM model indicated that both the monetary and fiscal strategy made a difference in estimation of PC by barring some outrageous cases. The presidential location of Friedman (1968) involved two segments that had a central matter which was intently correlated.â To start with, it connoted the quicker swelling because of demonstrating the wastefulness in charge of ostensible loan fee by the national bank and it includes fuel toward the expansion fire in the economy. Second, it demonstrated the significance of Philips bend banter and determined end by said that the approach creators had no capacity to choose some other joblessness rate as opposed to the common pace of joblessness and rejected from the macroeconomic structure of the item and the work showcase. Another increasingly attractive and reasonable translation about the normal pace of joblessness was given that demonstrated the similarity with exact swelling rate which contained the gradual expansion rate. Examination which was not nonpartisan dependent on the approach exchange off had disregarded the desires that utilized for change purposes. By consider an economy continuing at the regular pace of joblessness and furthermore dependent on the 1% swelling rate was decisively prevented.à ¢ By pushing the joblessness rate beneath the common joblessness rate can tend the economy towards the north east of the short run Philips bend and the outcomes showed up in type of expanding the real swelling rate. In any case, if the specialists saw that the expansion rate become higher when contrasted with the underlying foreseen swelling pace of 1%, the swelling desires become higher and it move the short run Philips bend higher. What's more, the procedure will proceed with except if and until the pace of joblessness came to at the regular pace of joblessness. Along these lines, the Friedmans timing to address gets odd and perfect. As indicated by the verbal expectations of the model given by Friedman, The financial development of Kennedy-Johnson that included both the spending on Vietnam War and tax reductions that additionally joined by the money related lodging had not just push the pace of joblessness down to 3.5% from 5.5% yet in every year in the middle of 1963 to 1969 the pa ce of expansion become quick. The enormous scope econometricians who had assessed the joblessness pace of 4% and furthermore estimated the swelling rate become astound that how the quickening of expansion had been surpassed from year to year. Defamers of Friedman assaulted on the verbal model given by him and used to spur the common rate, when the econometricians become very much aware of their disappointments with respect to estimate the speeding up of swelling in late 1960s and in later the model become tricking model. As indicated by the businesses desires identified with value level an idea given by Friedman that are consistently precise however the representatives stayed disappointed of the normal costs that doesn't react to the genuine value level. At the point when the business grow, the costs raises more than the proportion of wages, so the need is to give the impetuses to the workers so as to connect up the hole of lower genuine wages, as they remained neglect to satisfied their desires to modify the prices.â Friedmans verbally expected model become unlikely, as the laborers had total access of the Consumer value record and were notable about the genuine costs winning in the market. There could

Analysis a movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investigation a film - Essay Example Alice is a star in the game however it is difficult to state the equivalent for the film. The underlying 3D scenes have been monotonous and are not really great, a feeble start was not generally welcomed by the crowd and because of which the film neglected to satisfy the hopes of the fans. The paper will expansively introduce the other significant parts of the film. 2. â€Å"In a world attacked by an infection contamination, transforming its casualties into the Undead, Alice (Milla Jovovich), proceeds on her excursion to discover survivors and lead them to safety.† (After Life) The materials utilized in the film are very one of a kind and one of its sort, the film is a 3D film and it includes liveliness and enhancements. The impacts anyway have not been introduced as the fans anticipated that it should be. 3. The craftsman is attempting to introduce a world wherein Zombies develop significantly, an infection is influencing mankind and demolition has been depicted in the film. B. Visual Arts 1. The film looks to some extent like reality; it is absolutely an imaginary flick. It depends on individuals transforming into Zombies in light of an infection and it has nothing to do with the real world. 2. The specialists is depicting the future in the film, an infection which would influence our human race may wind up making all of us Zombies as appeared in the film. It speaks to what's to come. 3. Crafted by the craftsmen is in actuality acceptable yet the film is simply an imaginary film and looks somewhat like reality so the work can never be accepted. C. Imaginative Concept 1. â€Å"The film contains solid grisly brutality and language.† (British Board of Film Classification) Being a 3D film the visual craftsmen have worked admirably, Alice stood apart for her exhibition; she is substantially more revered by the fans in the game than in the film. All things considered her exhibition was a visit de power, she loses her extraordinary forces when she is i nfused in the film, she becomes human again however she without any help conveys the film, the film would have done seriously had it not been for her. Different characters were just present in the film yet had no impact at all. The presentation of the characters is fine yet being an imaginary film it is difficult to accept the scenes in the film, any reasonable person would agree that the film is completely invented. 2. Watcher collaboration bombs in this film and as an unavoidable consequence of which the film additionally comes up short, the film doesn't present enough chances to the watchers to communicate and engage in the film. 3. The work doesn't interest the feelings since it is invented, it would have spoke to the feelings of the crowd had it had any similarity to the truth, on that it's anything but a vocation very much done. D. Utilization of Lighting in Creative Designs 1. â€Å"The film was composed by Paul W.S. Anderson.† (Writer) The utilization of lighting has been acceptable in the film; the character of Alice has been introduced clearly in the film. The introduction has been unquestionably uncommon in light of the fact that the film is a 3D film, being a third dimensional film it had nothing staggering in it, a few other 3D motion pictures are route superior to this film. The initial scene wherein Alice and her escort go into Umbrella’s central station is acceptable, it takes after the initial scene of the game and this made the fans cheerful and they moreover

Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University

ISO 8402 characterizes quality as â€Å"the totality of highlights and attributes of an item or administration that bear on its capacity to fulfill expressed or suggested needs† Basically, â€Å"quality is fulfilling clients need both present and future† (Charantimath, 2006).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Quality catches a product’s readiness for use, capacity to recognize highlight or evaluation of the item in appearance, execution among others, degree to which a particular item is favored over contending results of comparable evaluation, level of general greatness lastly it is worried about how well an item complies with plan and different details (Charantimath, 2006). For a company’s item or administration to be serious, at that point every one of these credits must be safeguarded and improved now and again. Complete quality admini stration is the procedure which directors use to persistently distinguish and manage the exercises expected to accomplish the quality destinations of an association with a point of offering high worth items and administrations. Reasons why Abu Dhabi University actualized ISO framework ADU quality arrangement expresses that â€Å"it is focused on giving quality degree projects to its understudies. Concentrating on the necessities of understudies, it takes part in a procedure of constant improvement grounded in proof based evaluation of understudies inclining and fulfillment with their Abu Dhabi University experience† (Abu Dhabi University, 2011). ISO framework was adjusted to help in executing this arrangement. A meeting with Mr. Stephen Deunch’a (Quality Officer Assurance) uncovered that execution of ISO encouraged setting up procedures and techniques in all branch of the University. Besides, it improved adequacy of the procedures and quality administrations. At long l ast, it acquainted duty with nonstop upgrades of value. Course of events of the entire task The way toward securing ISO confirmation is long and requires a great deal of company’s time and assets. There are five significant strides for acquiring ISO accreditation. ADU started the procedure in December 2008 and finished in January 2010. The procedure included documentation of methodology, documentation of value manual and approaches, modification and endorsement, Internal Auditing and semiannual administration surveys. Effect of obtaining ISO affirmation Standards are imperative to partners of an association as they guarantee positive attributes, for example, quality, sturdiness, effectiveness, security and condition invitingness are fortified. For cases, all the workers of ADU have an all inclusive comprehension of systems of different procedures. Additionally, the University will coordinate assets in forms which are universally normalized thus limiting wastage. ISO additiona lly benefits the network everywhere in light of the fact that there interests are provided food for thus it manufactures their trust in the products.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More ADU’s Vision, Mission and Values ADU’s Vision 2013: â€Å"Abu Dhabi University is perceived as a national University of decision for quality training, applied research that drives provincial monetary turn of events, and appreciate global accreditation† (Abu Dhabi University, 2011) ADU’s Mission â€Å"The Mission of ADU is to offer exceptionally remunerated vocation situated undergrad and postgraduate certificate programs lined up with the requirements of UAE and the area through greatness in instructing, understudy learning, workforce grants and engagmnet in network development† (Abu Dhabi University, 2011) ADU’s Culture and Shared Values à ¢â‚¬Å"ADU’s people group is understudy focused, commited to personnel/staff improvement and highly esteems collegiality, comprehensiveness while deferential of Arab culture, respectability, value, advancement, deftness and administration above self† (Abu Dhabi University, 2011) Office liable for actualizing ISO Execution of ISO measures is the obligation of each worker. Be that as it may, the Executive Director of Quality Institutional Research and technique Departement has the essential duty of actualizing ISO 9001:2008. Affirmation Unit has been asigned the duty of execution of ISO framework. The Provost is liable for accomplishing and keeping up internationa institutional accredation while the Dean of every school has the essential duty regarding accomplishing and mainintg singular program worldwide accreditations for all projects in their school where such accreditations exist (Abu Dhabi University, 2011). Subsequent stages Currently, the Univeristy has executed Bal ances Scorecards to be utilized for execution appraisal everything being equal. The University ought to broaden estimating for all center procedures, it ought to see self as estimation since scorecards is a perfomance estimation framework that lone track programs which lead to accomplishing strategis plan. It doesn't survey a people commitments towards achiving the vital objectives. References Abu Dhabi University. (2011, November 30). Vision and Beyond. Web.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Charantimath P. (2006). Prologue to add up to quality administration: Total Quality Management, (3), 1-3. This exposition on Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University was composed and presented by client Joaquin G. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

A1 Steak Sauce Essay

1) How might you portray the A1 Steak Sauce business? In 1830, Henderson William Brand, culinary expert to England’ King George built up a sauce that so please the lord he declared it to be â€Å"A1†. The item was first sold in North America in the mid 1900s. Kraft Foods procured A1 in 2000 as a component of its obtaining of Nabisco. Kraft Foods was the biggest food organization in the United States and second biggest on the planet. Kraft Foods most direct contenders were General Mills, Unilever, Pepsico and Nestle. In 2002, A1 had a 54% dollar portion of the Steak Sauce Market Shares with a 83 percent net revenue. Circulation of A1 extended over the United States with the item accessible in each market. Kraft Foods burned through 15 percent of its working income on A1 promoting. Income on A1 Steak Sauce was about $150 million and working benefit was around $60 million. A1’s 2003 arrangement foreseen level income and slight benefit development. 2) Why is Lawry’s propelling a steak sauce item? Clarify. In 2002, Lawry’s was possessed by Unilever one of Kraft Foods driving contending food organizations with brand deals in overabundance of $100 million and a solid situation in flavoring and marinades. In mid 2003, Unilever declared designs to dispatch a Lawry’s Steak Sauce with a boat date of April first and a cost for every container $1.00 under A1. Unilever’s choice to dispatch a steak sauce item depended on baffling money related outcomes in ongoing years. Unilever propelled another key arrangement program called â€Å"Path to Growth†. A key component of this program was excusing its image portfolio concentrating on the biggest worldwide brands. The organization tested the entirety of its brands including Lawry to arrive at yearly deals of in any event one billion dollars. 3) Should A1 Steak Sauce protect itself against the Lawry’s dispatch? If not, why not? In the event that indeed, why and how? Examine. Jennifer Miller, Smith’s inquire about administrator proclamation of â€Å"you know A1 has the most grounded brand value in the classification, it’s for all intents and purposes untouchable.† I don’t concur and feel her remark is ridiculous, nothing is unapproachable. I would suggest that A1 protect against Lawry’s Steak Sauce dispatch booked for April first, in any case A1 could discover they are losing pieces of the pie and attempting to play make up for lost time. As I would like to think A1 has a decision to contend no holds barred with Lawry’s 2 for $5.00 bargain propelling on April first or kick back and trust that buyer don’t change to the Lawry’s Steak Sauce. Whichever way A1 should go through cash to stay predominant and serious in the steak sauce showcase. 4) What are the serious and money related ramifications of safeguarding or not depending against the Lawry’s launch? Lawry is booked to dispatch their new steak sauce of April first at $1.00 not exactly the A1 sauce and Publix is prepared to give Lawry the Memorial Day week advancement which is regularly 10 percent of A1 Annual Sales. In the event that Lawry, gains 10 percent of the steak sauceâ market and clients like the taste, ready to follow through on the decreased cost paying little heed to taste or can’t truly differentiate in taste from A1, clients may keep on purchasing the Lawry’s Steak Sauce for the $1.00 less expensive container. Lawry’s Steak Sauce dispatch could permit them to pick up and increment in Lawry’s share in the steak sauce showcase. 5) What did you gain from your investigation of this case? Clarify. A1 Steak Sauce was imagined in 1830 and first sold in North America in the mid 1900s. In 2003, more than 100 years after the fact, A1 Steak Sauce at long last had potential rivalry with the dispatch of Lawry’s Steak Sauce. I feel that Kraft Foods ought to have made arrangements for such a possibility, that to me was unavoidable. In the event that they had arranged, the organization could have appropriately planned, perhaps with a possibility type subsidize inside the showcasing office. For instance, today where are reel-to-reel tapes, 8 track tapes and tape tapes, all have gotten obsolete with enhancements in innovation. To additionally outline in the food business, attempt to discover â€Å"Pitter Patter† nutty spread treats made by Keebler which were out promoted by Nabisco’s â€Å"Nutter Butter† peanut spread treats. Nothing is distant or keeps going forever!

Deadline Advice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Deadline Advice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We are rapidly approaching the admission deadline (January 5th, 2009) for our two-year, full-time MIA and MPA programs and the Office of Admissions and Financial Aid is a flurry of activity.   As expected our phone is ringing, postal letters are arriving in massive quantities, and our email box is full us as soon as we clean it out.   The purpose of this post is to give you a few pointers during this busy time of year for our office. The first pointer has to do with email.   If you email our office we please ask that you send your message to only one email address.   Some applicants will copy several accounts or personal addresses on a single message and this can lead to confusion and extra work in our office.   We highly recommend that you use our main account for your inquires.   The address is: sipa_admission@columbia.edu. The second pointer has to do with phone calls.   If you call and get voice mail, rest assured that we will answer but it may take us some time.   If you call and cannot get through, please do not call another SIPA office and ask to be transferred.   If you do leave a voice mail please realize that with the heavy phone traffic it may take us some time to get back to you.   If you do leave a voice mail and call again, it is helpful to let us know that you left a voice mail so we know that your question has been answered and can cross the voice mail message off of our call back list. The third pointer has to do with mail.   As documented a in previous entry we receive hundreds of pieces of mail per day.   We try to keep up but each year we will open mail and update test scores and other documents after the deadline passes.   As long as the documents were received prior to the deadline they will be considered on time.   Please understand that we are not able to respond immediately to inquiries about the receipt of individual documents due to the extremely large volume of mail we receive. We are very excited to begin the review process and appreciate your understanding regarding this issues.   Thank you in advance for your patience.

Deadline Advice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Deadline Advice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We are rapidly approaching the admission deadline (January 5th, 2009) for our two-year, full-time MIA and MPA programs and the Office of Admissions and Financial Aid is a flurry of activity.   As expected our phone is ringing, postal letters are arriving in massive quantities, and our email box is full us as soon as we clean it out.   The purpose of this post is to give you a few pointers during this busy time of year for our office. The first pointer has to do with email.   If you email our office we please ask that you send your message to only one email address.   Some applicants will copy several accounts or personal addresses on a single message and this can lead to confusion and extra work in our office.   We highly recommend that you use our main account for your inquires.   The address is: sipa_admission@columbia.edu. The second pointer has to do with phone calls.   If you call and get voice mail, rest assured that we will answer but it may take us some time.   If you call and cannot get through, please do not call another SIPA office and ask to be transferred.   If you do leave a voice mail please realize that with the heavy phone traffic it may take us some time to get back to you.   If you do leave a voice mail and call again, it is helpful to let us know that you left a voice mail so we know that your question has been answered and can cross the voice mail message off of our call back list. The third pointer has to do with mail.   As documented a in previous entry we receive hundreds of pieces of mail per day.   We try to keep up but each year we will open mail and update test scores and other documents after the deadline passes.   As long as the documents were received prior to the deadline they will be considered on time.   Please understand that we are not able to respond immediately to inquiries about the receipt of individual documents due to the extremely large volume of mail we receive. We are very excited to begin the review process and appreciate your understanding regarding this issues.   Thank you in advance for your patience.

International Business Japan - Free Essay Example

International Business: Japan Introduction As Robert Fitzgerald (1994) says in the introduction of his collection of studies into East Asian studies, the GDP growth of nations within this region over the past half a century â€Å"has been seen as a phenomenon of unprecedented†¦ proportions.† In the early decades following World War ll, Japan was probably the most significant example of this phenomenon, although in the past quarter of a century it has lost ground to other Asian countries. Many blame the recent changes of Japanese fortunes on the effects of globalisation. The purpose of this paper is to assess the validity of this argument. To achieve this objective, we will first conduct a brief overview of the political, economic and cultural structure of the country, together the changing international business environment. Japanese Political and Economic structure As many observers have noted, the political and economic structure within Japan is markedly different from that of many other developed nations. Whereas in countries such as the US and UK there is a clear distinction between governments and commerce, Japan has developed on the basis of a high level of government involvement and cooperation between state and commerce, to the extent that it has lef to an institutionalized public-private cooperation in the process of economic policy formulation and implementation† (Nester 1992, p.119). In essence, the industrial development and economic growth that was witnessed in Japan during the beginning of the latter half of the last century was led by the political machine, which created powerful economic bureacuracies that, linked with private enterprise, heavilyinvolved themselves in market activities (Leftwich 1995, p.420). This close relationship was, and still is, based upon the fact that both groups peceived this approach as service their common interests and objectives. Therfore, joint ventures between the two have been seen as â€Å"both practival and necessary† (Fitzgerald 1994, p.13). As will be seen later, the resultant successes of Japanese Trade during that period reveal how beneficial this approach was at the time. One of the reason that this close political/commercial relationship worked so well in Japan,, in contrast to other developed countries where there is more of a gap betweeen the ethos of the two sides, is perhaps due to the cultural influences. Historically, the Japanese are a race welded together by three main cultural strands. The first of these is a belief in an identifiable â€Å"Japanese Spirit.† The second strand of thinking is that they are culturally unique , and these two are interralted within their thought processes (Fuller and Beck 2005, p.39). This leads to a group mentality in every aspect of their lives. For example, the reason that Japanese corporation’s have experienced much lower icidences of industiral unrest than their western counterparts is the group culture, which perceives that everyone will benefit if they work for the same common interest.This culture spilled over into International trade, where Japan in the past has seen it as a situaltion of them against the rest. As Fuller and Beck (2005, p.139) observe, many corporate leaders put the success of Japanese business down â€Å"to a robust culture, part of which is believing they are different (Fuller and Beck 2005, p.139). However in recent decades, the Japanese model has become more subservient to the influences of the international community. International Trade The structure and shape of Japanese International business ha s changed significantly, particularly since 1980. The country’s old alliances that were used to fuel its phenomenal economic growth between the 1950’s and 1980’s are now being reduced in favour of the more dynamic performing emerging economies. This is clearly evidence by its international trade statistics, both in terms of exports (see figure 1) and imports (see figure 2). Figure 1 Top ten export destinations 1980 -2006 Figure 2 Top ten importing nations 1980 2006 If one looks at exports firstly, as can be seen from the graph in figure 1, between 1980 and 2000 Japan relied heavily upon the western nation markets, particularly the US, for the sale of its goods and services. However, since the turn of the century this position has changed dramatically. Whilst Japan’s trade with the west has remained fairly static during the first six years of this decade, its reliance upon Asian markets, such as China, has risen significantly. For example, whilst trade with the US has little more than double during the 26 years, trade with China increased nearly tenfold over the same period, with the majority of this growth occurring since 2000, A similar result, although more pronounced, can be found in the case of imports. In this case China has displaced the US to become Japan’s highest country for imports (figure 3). Figure 3 Top ten importers 2006 Another interesting comparison to be drawn from these statistics is the change in the balance of trade (see figure 4). As can be seen from this table, Japan’s trade with the US and Germany has moved from one of interdependence to more of a supplier based relationship, whereas with the Asian countries of China is has moved in the opposite direction[1]. Figure 4 Balance of trade An analysis of the different between the types of products also reveals where Japan is globally dominant. As can be seen from the following analysis of Exports and Imports (figures 5 and 6), The Japanese expertise and dominant position globally still remains in the areas of manufactured goods, machinery and transport, including computers and automobiles (Porter 1998, p.2). However, equally apparent is fact that the Chinese and Asian markets beginning to take precedence over the US and other western nations in this respect. The only variation to this development is in the area of automobile exports, which can be explained by the poorer living standards of their citizens. Figure 5 Exports by type 2006 Figure 6 Imports by type 2006 Much of this change of direction in Japan’s international business structure can be put down to the political, economic and cultural influences explained earlier. For example, the Japanese government takes a protectionist stance in respect of its economic welfare (Nester 1990, p.167-170 and 1991, p.29) and, faced with the exceptional growth rates in China, it would be natural for Japan to move quickly to protect i ts main industrial expertise and the industries related to this area by seeking to seek to develop its relationship with it close neighbours, in this case being China. In these aspects and others the International ethos of Japan is very much aligned to the extended version of Porters diamond on national competitiveness (Johnson et al 2007, p.73-75 and Porter 1998, p.72). For example, the political and commercial strategy is very much focused on the need to react to rivalry and changes in demand. Similarly, Japan’s international business is quick to react to adverse conditions in any country that it trades with. To further cement its relationship with neighbouring Asian countries, Japan has sought to cement more formal economic relationships with other Asian nations through its membership of organisations such as ASEAN, which seeks to look after Asia’s global trading interests. This move is reminiscent of similar action taken by Japan in the past in an attempt to forge closer links with the US and Europe. The impact of Globalisation Another factor that has seriously affected Japan over the past quarter of a century is that of globalisation. During the period from 1980 to the mid 1990’s Japan was the dominant economic force in Asia and thus, to a major extent, was the sole beneficiary of the needs of the West to secure more economical and innovative products. However, as economic growth and living standards in Japan continued, so their international trade position became less competitive. At the same time, other emerging countries in the region, such as China and India, were becoming more aware of the benefits of globalisation and began to internationalise their financial and economic markets. This provided Japan’s former trading partners, predominately the US and Europe, with alternative locations and resources, at a more economical cost. Furthermore, it also opened up significant consumer markets, which these nations were quick to recognise and seek to take advantage of. For Japan, the result of this further globalisation of countries within the Asian region was to lead to a significant fall in the rate of Growth of their GDP. As can be seen from the graph in figure 7, in the past decade this rate has halved from the high of 2000 to below the rate being achieved in 1980. Figure 7 Japans GDP growth rate 1980 2005 This fall in Japan’s GDP provides another reason for their seeking improved trade with the rest of Asia. Furthermore, Japan’s International trade position over the next decade is also beset with difficulties. With China’s economy growing at of around 10% per annum, and it set to become the world’s most powerful economy within the next three decades, with India close behind, Japan is facing a duality of economic issues. The first it that it needs to find a way to remain competitive in the face of such significant competition and the second is the need to find a strategy upon which to take advantage of the Chinese market for its own purposes. Unlike the inroads that Japan made into the US and European markets, where the economies operate on the basis of a free market with little political interference, with China Japan is facing a competitor who has a similar political, economic and cultural structure to its own. Therefore, the approach used to penetrate the western markets is unlikely to work in this China. Reference Johnson, Gerry., Scholes, Kevan and Whittington, Richard (2007). Exploring Corporate Strategy. FT Prentice Hall. Harlow, UK. Fitzgerald, Robert (ed) (1994). The Competitive Advantage of Far Eastern Business. Frank Cass. Ilford, UK. Porter, Michael E (1998). Competitive Advantage of Nations. Free Press. New York. US. Fuller, Mark and Beck, John C (2005). Japan’s Business Renaissance: How the World’s Greatest Economy Revives, Renewed and Reinvented Itself. McGraw-Hill. New York. US. Japanese Statistical Yearbook (2006). Foreign Trade, Balance of Payments and International Cooperation. Available: https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan/1431-15.htm Nester, W (1990). Japans Growing Power over East Asia and the World Economy. MacMillan London, UK. Nester, W (1991). Japanese Industrial Targeting. MacMillan. London, UK. Leftwich, A. (1995). Bringing Politics Back: Towards a Model of the Developmental State, Journal of Development Studies, 31: 3, pp. 400-27. 1 Footnotes [1] The anomaly in figure 4 is the position with Saudi Arabia, where the global energy crisis has forced up natural resource prices.

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Immediately, Eli Whitney received a patent right (X72) on 14,March 1794.The output increased and new markets for the cotton products got harnessed in England. The ready market in Europe and continuousburgeon of the textile mill in some of the states such as New England2. The market brought a lot of profits to Eli and the entire southern national agricultural economy. According to United States economists, cotton exports in the country increased after the invention from 500,000 pounds (around 230,000Â  kilograms) in 1793 to over 93Â  million pounds (around 42,000,000Â  kilograms) by 1811.Esentially, thenon-perishability of the cotton products reduced risk in the cotton industry because it can be shipped for over long period of time for instance United States coast to Europe. By1820 to 1860, the cotton products had hit the market and became the chief south United States export courtesy of the cotton gin. Secondly, the machine boosted productivity level hence making Eli Whitney be awarded large tenders for instance that of manufacture muskets by the American army in 1798.It has been argued that this contract brought a lot of revenue to Eli although it was later swindled by endless litigations. We will write a custom essay sample on Eli Whitney and t he Cotton Gin or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This happened at a time when French revolution ignited some conflict against the Britain and United states. The new American regime decided to prepare for the war by purchasing heavy clothing equipment and American army uniforms. This meant that the war department has to issue a contract of 10,000 muskets to be manufactured by Eli Whitney Company. By the end of 1800, Whitney had delivered over 10000 muskets and the contract renewed for an additional 5000 muskets. InMay 1798, the congress voted for over eight hundred thousand dollars inorder to pay for the supplies besides purchase of some weapons and cannons. This meant that the cotton industry was high profitable and hence Eli Whitney got a lot of revenue3. Therefore, we can support the argument for Eli Whitney cotton gin lead to increased productivity, reduce labor cost and promoted more output. The high output causes high sales revenue which later led to the higherprofitswithin the cotton industry. However, Eli Whitney failed to understand her rival business and eventually engaging in other government contractual based business that called for suits and litigations. Some of these contracts include that of supplying cannons and arms which he duped the government. The government had to sue him because he breached the contract hence reduced profits.

Essay Topic Stuck In An Elevator

There are some situations in our life that people who are afraid of confined spaces or heights see in the most nightmarish dreams. If you ever find yourself lodged between the floors, you have to know that it is highly important to do everything to guarantee a speedy release. Due to my previous experiences, I have found out that the best and the number one thing to do is to call for immediate help and wait for it. The whole point is that all our efforts to get out may cause even a more dangerous situation. I have worked out a couple of useful tips on how to escape a stranded elevator as soon and as safely as you can, so just remember them and you will free yourself before you’ll even become scared. First of all, it is important to stay calm no matter what. The very moment you realize you are stuck, the feeling of panic may wrap you up. Nonetheless, you must immediately put your mind over matter, and keep calm. The thing is that panic will make your body feel its effects and you will make the situation worse! The person must take a deep breath and try to relax. Once the body is fully relaxed, your mind won’t be able to panic. In case the person is not alone in an elevator, your panic will cause the same reaction among the other people. One should just be a calming presence to the people he/she is stuck with. In case the lights are out, it is recommended to find a light source. An individual can create some light using a keychain flashlight. The device shouldn’t be kept on for a long time for the reason that the battery power can drain. Having enough light, you will be able to see the buttons and realize the whole difficulty of the situation. It is also highly recommended to understand how many people are there in the same situation with you. Now it’s time for one to press the call button. In case you’re surrounded by darkness, make certain to use the light source to find the button. Next step is to press the call button in order to get in contact with the technician, who will help you. The maintenance experts will be notified about the situation and will exert every effort to solve your problem. In other words, this is the easiest way to get quick help! Sometimes one may get no response when pressing the call button. This means that it’s time to check the cell phone for reception. If there is no reception – make certain to call the local emergency services numbers. Just for example, the USA and Canada numbers will be 911 while the European Union has officially set 112 for emergencies. Thus, it is important to call the number that is adopted in your country. If there is no response till this time, one should press the alarm button a couple of times. In case everything else fails and you’re still stuck in a dangerous situation, it’s time to break out! The thing is that this is the moment when nothing else works and you are faced with the life-or-death emergency. Make sure to exert every effort to get out of the place. Carefulness is what matters now (as well as the ability to stay calm). The most dangerous risk is that the elevator may start moving again. Thus, you should push the stop button to be 100% sure the elevator won’t be moving while you are trying to crawl out.

Ongoing Formative Assessment Improves Student Learning

The Main Themes of Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow...

The Main Themes of Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper The short story The Yellow Wallpaper is about a woman who is suffering from depression (probably post-natal) and a nervous breakdown. Whilst trying to recover in an isolated country house, her condition deteriorates as her paranoia takes over. Her condition is not helped by the fact that her husband has forced her to inhabit a room with irritating features, namely the wallpaper. The story contains themes of entrapment, resignation, paranoia and the male domination of the time. The story was written in 1892, before women had gained the right to vote. Stetson was a keen womens right campaigner and felt that blatant male†¦show more content†¦She believes that the fact that he is a physician is making her condition worse, perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster, she feels helpless which wears her out more. Another reason she cant argue with him was because he is a man. Men were regarded as socially superior up until after the First World War and to some extent they are still regarded in this light today. She feels afraid of her husband not only because hes a man but because hes a professional doctor and so he knows more than her on the subject. Her brother is also a physician and is also, obviously male. He agrees with her husband and so there is definitely nothing she can do as there is a two on one situation. Throughout the early stages of the book the wife expresses her fear of John indirectly to the reader. She seems to have many id eas of ways that she thinks will improve her condition but at the end of it dismisses these ideas as she doesnt think John would approve. For example she had the idea that letting her see people and having more stimuli would help but she dismisses itShow MoreRelatedYellow Wallpaper1095 Words   |  5 Pagestreatments and power structures. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å" The Yellow Wallpaper† is a perfect example of these themes. In writing this story, Charlotte Perkins Gilman drew upon her own personal experiences with hysteria. The adoption of the sick-role was a product of-and a reaction against gender norms and all of the pressures and tensions that their satisfaction demanded. Gilman’s essay uses autobiographical experiences displayed as doppelganger quality the in the main narrator of the story, JaneRead MoreThe Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman873 Words   |  4 PagesEarly Feminist Writing In the short story The Yellow Wall-Paper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman reflects on the social inequalities and injustices held against women in the late 1800’s. Gilman gives light to a very common practice of doctors diagnosing women with â€Å"nervous† conditions and essentially telling them to not do anything that doesn’t involve the domestic duties of women. The story gives insight on how women would have felt from the despotism that men of the time were showing towards them, thisRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman764 Words   |  4 PagesMarch 2016 The Yellow Wallpaper In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short piece, The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator faces many adversities as a woman such as: mental health, and living in a time period when they are not treated equal to men. Gilman’s personal life is reflected through this story because she dealt with similar challenges the narrator herself has to overcome. â€Å"Her lectures, novels, short stories, magazine articles (including her best known work, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†), and nonfictionRead MoreMiddle Class Women in 19th Century American Society1245 Words   |  5 Pages story â€Å"The yellow wallpaper† the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman says some things about the way women were treated by men back then in the 19th century. Women’s roles and place in the 19th century American society are very humiliating, rational for this society and weird. Women back then were treated as â€Å"something† not as â₠¬Å"someone† that is to say useless beings, that do not have brains. The yellow wallpaper symbolizes somethingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman can be interpreted in many ways. Some scholars debate that it is written as an autobiography, some say it is an isolated work, a complete fantasy, or simply just a feminist uprising. One particular scholar even relates the feminism aspect with a feline creature within one scene of the story (Golden 1). Although there are many aspects throughout the text that represent feminism, the main theme that shines through is the story of a womanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1269 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2017 Analysis of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Life during the 1800s for a woman was rather distressing. Society had essentially designated them the role of being a housekeeper and bearing children. They had little to no voice on how they lived their daily lives. Men decided everything for them. To clash with society s conventional views is a challenging thing to do; however, Charlotte Perkins Gilman does an excellent job fighting that battle by writing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† one of the most captivatingRead MoreSusan Glaspell s `` The Yellow Wallpaper `` And A Jury Of Her Peers ``2004 Words   |  9 PagesThe fight for equality for minorities dates back to the beginning of mankind. Women, in particular, fight for fairness even in today’s society. This everlasting battle can be seen in both â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell. Gilman’s story revolves around a woman who has postpartum depression. Her husband, who is al so her physician, uses isolation to try and heal his wife’s â€Å"nervous disease.† Glaspell’s story, on the other hand, describesRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1511 Words   |  7 Pagesthe time period. One of these writers was Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Her work, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, addresses the reality of gender status and roles and the treatment of psychological disorders during the nineteenth century. When explicating her work through a psychological perspective, it is clear to see how Gilman uses setting, symbolism, and personification to portray a realistic view of a woman with a psychological disorder and her treatment. Charlotte Gilman applies her own experiences withRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1038 Words   |  5 Pagescan say they have been both physically and emotionally trapped. Charlotte Perkins Gilman used her personal bout with depression to create a powerful fictional narrative, which has broad implications for women. When the narrator recognizes that there is more than one trapped, creeping woman, Gilman indicates that the meaning of her story extends beyond an isolated, individual situation. Gilman’s main purpose in writing The Yellow Wallpaper is to doom not only a specific medical treatment but also theRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper2490 Words   |  10 Pages2015 Unjustly Repressed. Charlotte Gilman was an ingenious woman. On the surface, her most renowned work, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† appears to be a simple journal of a women struggling with mental illness. Throughout the story, her husband, whom is also her physician, coins her state as nothing more than a mere nervous disorder. He treats her with the â€Å"rest cure.† To begin her treatment, the couple temporarily moves to an isolated summer home, and as the days pass, the wallpaper surrounding their room

One Easy Trick for World Literature Essay Topics Revealed

One Easy Trick for World Literature Essay Topics Revealed Custom writing means a severe company with high standards. But in case there are any specifications you should follow them carefully. The Principles of World Literature Essay Topics You Will be Able to Benefit From Beginning Right Away You may even go for an available writer to communication panel, which offers an immediate communication between the author and the customer. More important is to go for an essay topic that you'll be interested in writing with passion. That's the overriding message of the entire set of essays within this blog. The very first step is to select a suitable topic when you're creating an essay on Literature. The maturation of the contemporary society is distinguished by the developing impact of feminist movement which struggles for the equality of women and men. 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Retail Sector Staffing

Questions: 1. Critically discuss any TWO suitable staffing methods for the retail sector?2. Analyse the way in which a performance appraisal can support the improvement of employees performance in the retail sector. Answers: Introduction In the context of a retail sector, staffing is a very crucial part to become a better business. The term staffing mainly denotes the selection process and training process of individuals for particular job roles. By this employees can maintain their job responsibilities. In a retail sector, a company can select most excellent people to work with them by the staffing process. In the retail sector when a new stock or project is introduced then, it's determined by the young manager as well as the coworkers by the staffing process. The main advantages of staffing are to select right kinds of people to the sector and also give them the best training for minimum wastage. The term Performance Appraisal is a collaborative process which is used to plan the performance between worker and his superior. By this process, the worker and their superior can maintain a periodic check on the following- How efficiently they lead their job roles. How well the workers are performing. How the workers can develop them. What necessary steps can be taken by the superior to develop his/her workers? 1. Suitable staffing method for retailer stores For increasing productivity and rate of pay, the retail sector must use the staffing process (Caruth, Caruth and Pane, 2009). To fix the issued the appropriate staffing methods are- Internal Recruitment External Recruitment Internal Recruitment Process Within a retail sector, internal hiring process can be introduced for identifying as well as attracting the job candidates or workers. Different mechanisms can be used to determine the better quality workers like formal and informal. The formal type of the internal recruitment process includes the posting of private jobs as well as the career ladders (Bruno, Jin and Norris, 2009). The formal method of the internal recruitment is mainly used in a large retail sector where the workers of a particular department cannot be aware of their opportunities, and the communication can be in informal mode. The informal recruitment method can also be used in the major retail sectors (Chew, 2010). This method is the primary method which can be used in small retail sectors for internal recruitments. The promotion part and the supervisor referrals can be done by the informal recruiting methods. The main advantage of using Internal Recruitment Process The internal recruitment process can be utilized by the retail sector for cutting on the advertisement costs just for it offers efficient opportunities to the workers to develop their careers. Internal recruitment process also is introduced to attract workers and stay the workers who may be want to leave the retail sector. By the internal recruitment process, the cost of the advertisement is significant than the expense of the outside. As a result, this process is less costly than external recruitment. But also there are some disadvantages of this process which may be a concern for the retail sector. That is the size of potential workers is considerably reduced. That is why the outside recruitment gives the retail store with the broader skill. In a medium or larger sized retail outlet, initially, the internal recruiters are screening as well as culling the employed workers. The incentives and penalties depend on their effective performance. For internal recruitment, the retail sector may use some agencies regarding the same field. The agencies have a large no of applicants pools. The high-quality recruiters or organizations always have large no of quality workers (Proposed regulation to increase workers' access to high quality investment advice, 2010). The agencies have some pre-screened candidates whose take the priority for internal recruitments. The primary factors for using the internal recruitment are to increase the speed of hiring. Also to manage the costs and job responsibilities is the major part of this process. External Recruitment Process In any organization, the external recruitment process is as important and valuable as the internal recruitment process. To develop the organization as well its business it is the prime responsibility of the management of the company to introduce new and fresher dedicated employees to the organization (Hady, 2007). There are several ways to recruit new employees using the external recruitment process, such as advertising, campus recruiting, third party recruiters and many others (K, 2010). Advertising Among the external processes of hiring fresher employees, the process of giving advertisements is one of the prime aspects. That is also the most used process to recruit employees externally. Most of the people look newspapers, magazines or trade journals to find a job (Hamilton, 2005). That is why most of the organizations have selected the medium of advertisement to attract as much as employees are possible. They can also provide their requirements or criteria to the job they are offering. That will help them to get certain and more dedicated fresher employees. Other than these there are also some employers who are using the medium of local cable and radio to advertise the job offering. Thus it is quite clear that advertising plays a vital role in the external recruitment process. Campus recruitment Nowadays campus recruitment is another significant and frequent way to find good and responsible employees. Many organizations whether they are large scale or small scale are using the campus recruitment process to get more reliable candidates. Most of the colleges now have direct tie-ups with many organizations, and they provide employees to that particular organization from their colleges. Thus it is apparent that the campus recruitment process is another prime aspect or sect of the external recruitment process of any organization. Third party recruiters Some of the large-scale organizations or to are more precise some of the busy companies use the third party recruiters to select new employees for the organization. That is another useful process of recruitment. It helps the organization to get good employees with the support of some external parties. There are two types of the third party such as the executive search firms and the contingency firms. The principal work of both the parties is to find better and reliable employees and provide them to the company. These are the main and the most important processes of recruiting employees for an organization externally. If any organization uses these mentioned processes, they would surely be able to get more and better employees. This will become the company in a better position among retail sectors. 2. Role of Performance Appraisal in the improvement of the Employee The performance appraisal is an important aspect in the field of market management (Marcoulides, 2008). A proper appraisal may not only get rid of work quality factors and behavior, but it can also motivate the employees to increase their dedication to the organization. It is to be mentioned that very often the employees are asked to give a feedback which can affect their peer as far as the working field is concerned (Gennari, 2010). There are various ways in which performance approval can affect an employee in big time. They are such as follows, Improvement of Communication Now this is what every employee must understand, communication (Rayudu, 2010). An overall average communication and a perfect communication have a huge difference. Employees of any organization must have the capability to communicate themselves with people and also among themselves. A good communication always helps an organization to put a good impact on the market. It is very often that the employees and the manager of a particular organization don't get along without any specific reason, even the lack of communication among the employees also cause problems for the particular company. This problem can sometimes be resolved by a performance appraisal. In this case, if the appraisal forms a good presentation showing all the benefits of a good communication system then the employees will be able to gain more experience about the importance of communication, and this will help them to rebuild their self- confidence is well (Chen and Gong, 2012). Recruitment and selection The rating of performance evaluation can be helpful in prediction of the performance of any job applicants (McDavid and Hawthorn, 2006). This can be made clear considering this example, it can be determined that a companys successful employees always aware of the behaviors of the employees when doing a crucial job. These data later on can be considered as the main points or the benchmarks to know the response of the applicants (R. and R., 2011). This also can be retrieved by behavioral interviews (Roulin and Bangerter, 2012). Depending on the result, one can select the perfect person for the organization. This selection part is very crucial for any organization. Building the Perfect Career Path In every sector of work, employees always try to find the right path to building a strong perfect career. They are always ready to seek knowledge from their respected seniors to boost up themselves if they are motivated in an exact way. In this field performance, the appraisal is the perfect scope to set future goals which are not in the daily routine or to-do list. Not only the organization is helped by this but also the employees feel valued which helps them to bring out their hundred percent in the field of work. It also increases their loyalty and stability which will assist them to build a good career. Encouragement and Improvement Celebrating a job which is well done is the easiest and efficient part of performance appraisal. It's not very easy to point out the areas where improvement is needed. It can be said that no one is perfect, so improvement is required in every field of work. Performance appraisal is the method by which the individual improvable areas can be pointed out. Even the most experienced employees need external training to make their knowledge full (Libya: External Army Training, 2013). Providing a good example of every particular topic and a clear explanation can help the improvement a lot. The leader must show a good caring attitude to the employees who will encourage them big time to do their jobs and also every good work of the employees must be praised to help them for the future work. Improvement of decision-making ability In every organization, the employees want to be involved in every part of the organization. When an organization has all information about any employee, taking business decision becomes easier. Filling the open position of any company by existing staffs always make the organization strong and also it promotes the loyalty factor. Performance appraisal can also make the employee show his strength for a particularly given job; it also provides the framework when making any specific decisions about layoffs and compensation (Jones, 2005). Moreover, this performance appraisal method helps to rebuild the efficiency of any employee which assist them to be in a good position in that particular company in the upcoming future. After everything, it can be said that performance appraisal is one of the best ways to build a perfect organization. In the sector of retailing it is very useful to recruit the ideal person for a particular job; it is very helpful in every sector, though. However, this field of marketing needs its employees to be up to date now and then. Conclusion and Recommendation To conclude the essay it must be admitted that the stuffing process or the training process of the fresher employee is the most important aspect of running an organization successfully. This process or the whole phenomenon is directly related to the future of that particular organization as a whole. If there is any problem with the recruitment system, the company would never be able to get proper and beneficial employees. Thus the organizations must be more concerned about the process of recruitment both external and internal. The management of the companies must appoint an experienced human resource manager to recruit efficient employees. After that, the management must provide an active training session to the fresher employees. It will help the employees to get more involved with the job. On the other hand, the factor of appraisal plays a vital role. The management must look after it also. They have to praise the employees who are doing their jobs perfectly. This aspect deals with the mental satisfaction of the employees. All over the whole essay gives an adamant statement on the importance as well as uses of different kinds of staffing methods to develop an organization and its business as whole. References Bruno, L., Jin, Y. and Norris, D. (2009).Building career ladders for the working poor through literacy training. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. Caruth, D., Caruth, G. and Pane, S. (2009).Staffing the contemporary organization. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. Chen, L. and Gong, G. (2012).Communication system security. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Chew, R. (2010). Developments of SMEs in Singapore's services and wholesale and retail sectors: issues and prospects.IJBG, 4(3), p.279. Gennari, F. (2010). Management Control in Global Mass Market Retailers.Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, (1). Hady, L. (2007).Fresher. Liskeard: Exposure. Hamilton, J. (2005).Magazines. Edina, Minn.: Abdo Pub. Jones, C. (2005).Framework. Madrid: Santillana. K, R. (2010).Recruitment management. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Libya: External Army Training. (2013).Afr Res Bull Polit, 50(7), pp.19793A-19793A. Marcoulides, G. (2008). Performance Appraisal: Issues of Validity.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 2(2), pp.3-12. McDavid, J. and Hawthorn, L. (2006).Program evaluation performance measurement. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Proposed regulation to increase workers' access to high quality investment advice. (2010). Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration. R., M. and R., D. (2011). New Benchmarks versus Old Benchmarks: A Comparison of the ICSBEP and CSEWG Benchmarks.J. Korean Phys. Soc., 59(23), p.1129. Rayudu, C. (2010).Communication. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Roulin, N. and Bangerter, A. (2012). Understanding the Academic-Practitioner Gap for Structured Interviews: Behavioral interviews diffuse, structured interviews do not.International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 20(2), pp.149-158.

Persuasive Essay the Arts in the Education Example For Students

Persuasive Essay the Arts in the Education The arts are not as important s the solid subjects, and schools should not have to Offer classes in the arts for all students. Structure: You may begin with whichever of the above positions you choose to support as your first sentence. Include one direct quote in quotation marks from each of the two articles you read. At the end of the quote, put the authors last name in parenthesis. Make sure to include two examples of personal experiences (yours, or that of someone you know well) to help support your position. Make sure to identify three of the good writing techniques in your essay by putting them in bold, or underlining, and naming the quenching at the end of the sentence. Schools should require students to take classes in fine arts. They are proven to be useful in several mental processes that are correlated with school performance 1. Dee Dickinson, former director of the Seattle Creative Activities Center, asserted: l personally experienced the relationship between music and scholarship when was director of the Seattle Creative Activities Center many years ago. At that time, we did not have the research at hand to explain why many children who were taking music and painting classes suddenly began to excel in math at school. Other children began to improve in their language arts skills, 2 Recent research suggests that some forms of art, such as music, influence brain activity in activities such as timing and pacing 1. It has similar effects on every human brain in spite of cultural differences 2, that is probably why music is called the universal language. Fine arts, by nature, stimulate the feature of the brain that is in charge of divergent thinking; in other words, creativity, imagination, or, as it is commonly called thinking outside the box. It was found, for example, that musicians use both sides Of their brains and use divergent hinging more frequently than average people, and that intensive musical training is associated With an elevated IQ score 3. There are intelligences Other than logical, according to the theory of multiple intelligences 4. In the words Of Michael K. Moneywort, executive director Of The Education for Parenthood Information Center: The premise of the theory is quite simple. It concerns that intelligence traditionally has been conceptualized, assessed, and addressed by school systems in much too narrow a fashion. If you happen to be among the fortunate ones whose strength is in the areas of language ability and/or logical. Thematic ability, you will respond well to the standard academic curriculum, you will do well on standardized tests, and be regarded as smart within the context of the standard classroom. 4 Creativity, divergent thinking, and elevated IQ score are, undoubtedly, useful skills in problem solving, and also applied to other branches to industry and production that requires more than logical reasoning, such as graphic design, I would say that, in the light of this evidence, schools should require students to take classes in fine arts, and laws should be made about it, Sources: I. . 3.

Writing Essays: How to Find Writing Topics

Writing Essays: How to Find Writing TopicsCritique essay topics help you choose topics to use for your writing. It is true that you can choose topics from your interests, but your essays must reflect your personality.For example, if you enjoy reading about business, but hate politics, then how do you find topics that talk about both? Since politics is not one of your interests, do you have enough time to research both topics and write essays on them? Of course not!So how do you find writing topics that you love? It can be easy to find writing topics that you are interested in by researching the subject. It is easy to do if you do some research yourself. Do not let other people dictate what you write about.If you love sports, then you can look up sports stories to see if there is a non-fiction topic about sports in the news. Reading through newspaper archives can also be a good way to find writing topics that you are interested in.Also, an online search will provide you with writing t opics that you might enjoy. Some topics are geared toward certain times of the year and other topics are categorized based on academic subjects.Another way to discover writing topics is to go to a bookstore or library. This can give you plenty of books that you have never even heard of. You may find topics that are specific to a specific demographic.Reading through these books will also help you write and read better. After you find topics that you are passionate about, you should put pen to paper. The more passion you have for the topic, the better your essay will be.

Healthcare Services Consumption

Introduction The intervention of government into the market and the problems that this intrusion into the key market processes entails is often mentioned as one of the major issues of the 21st century; however, a closer look at the issue will show that the problem is quite overblown.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Healthcare Services Consumption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More True, government does have a palpable impact on the financing and even provision processes taking place in local markets (Donaldson Gerard 2005a, p. 29), yet this influence rarely goes beyond mere supervision; as far as the basic financial transactions are concerned, organizations are obviously free to choose the strategies that they seem the most appropriate. Even though the presence of the governmental supervision of the key marketing processes may seem unreasonable and restricting for the companies, promoting complete market power wil l pose a tangible threat to the sustainability of the state economy, since the absence of any market regulations or restrictions to the operations of the entrepreneurships will inevitably lead to chaos within the market and, therefore, the untimely demise of most healthcare companies, as well as numerous breaches of healthcare ethics. State Regulation as the Key Tool The need to introduce state regulation into the healthcare market is obvious. Unlike any other fields, the specified area requires an especial caution in checking the quality of the product and, therefore, the design of the basic standards. Moreover, a transparent system of audits must be introduced into the healthcare market. Herein the need to reinforce the state supervision of healthcare market lies (Donaldson Gerard 2005, p. 79). State regulation of healthcare companies opens a plethora of opportunities for not only the target audience in terms of the quality of the services acquired, but also for the organizations in question; to be more exact, the issue of costs can be resolved with the inclusion of state regulation into the principles of healthcare market organization. For example, it is possible to minimize the opportunity cost and maximize the benefits available. As a result, numerous healthcare services, which used to be unattainable to some of the target population, will be enjoying considerably wider popularity as soon as the principles of state regulation take their toll on the healthcare market (Donaldson Gerard 2005, p. 74). However, it should also be born in mind that the state regulation of healthcare markets is fraught with a range of problems, most of which can be related to the comparatively low responsiveness rates among most healthcare organizations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More to the point, the lack of information concerning a specific health issue, as wel l as the measures that have been undertaken in far too hasty a manner, may trigger deplorable results once all healthcare companies are obliged to comply with the instructions delivered by the state authorities. Indeed, it would be unreasonable to assume that state committees, even those that are identified as healthcare related ones, are aware of the key economic assets of the organizations, the business processes of which they are going to regulate. Hence, the instances similar to the one of the Standing Vaccination Committee vaccine issue (Haasa et al. 2009, p. 290) may become a threat to the health of the target audience. Nevertheless, the problems that the lack of control over the existing healthcare companies is bound to cause outweigh the concerns that the lack of awareness among the state authorities may trigger (Donaldson Gerard 2005b, p. 21). There is no reason to claim that the introduction of stricter measures into the specified market will inevitably result in drops in the companies’ performance; after all, â€Å"sometimes, the end product is an essential creativity; sometimes, unruly disorder† (Althaus, Bridgeman Davis 2013, p. 42). Hence, it can be suggested that a reasonable compromise between the state regulation and the independence of healthcare companies must be found. Conclusion Despite the fact that healthcare facilities do need certain room for making decisions concerning their market related policies, the necessity for the state authorities to regulate the healthcare services consumption is obvious due to the necessity for a single regulatory framework to be established. As long as there is a specific set of rules for the healthcare companies to comply with, it is possible to make sure that the services and products delivered by the aforementioned organizations are of high quality and cater to the patients’ needs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Healthcare Services Consumption specifically f or you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More True, it would be unreasonable to assume that a completely authoritative system should be established within the healthcare market – quite on the contrary, companies need some room for making financial and economic decisions, as well as choose the strategy that seems most appropriate based on the current market situation and the company’s assets. The supervision of the state authorities, however, is imperative, since it provides a set of principles, in accordance with which companies can be evaluated and specific market issues can be addressed. The supervision of the government allows for having standards to hold up to, which is essential for the success of both SMEs and major corporations. Reference List Althaus, C, Bridgeman, P Davis, G 2013 ‘A policy cycle,’ The Australian policy handbook, Allen Unwin , Crow’s Nest, AU, pp. 32–42. Donaldson, C Gerard, K 2005, ‘Eco nomic objectives of healthcare,’ Economics of health care financing, Palgrave McMillan, New York, NY, pp. 73–88. Donaldson, C Gerard, K 2005a, ‘Market failure in health care justifying the visible hand,’ Economics of health care financing, Palgrave McMillan, New York, NY, pp. 29–51. Donaldson, C Gerard, K 2005b, ‘Markets and health care: introducing the invisible hand,’ Economics of health care financing, Palgrave McMillan, New York, NY, pp. 15–28. Haasa, M, Ashton, T, Kerstin Blum, K, Christiansen, T, Conis, E, Crivelli, L, Kin Lim, M, Lisac, M, MacAdam, M Schlette, S 2009, ‘Drugs, sex, money and power: an HPV vaccine case study,’ Health Policy, vol. 92, pp. 288–295.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Healthcare Services Consumption was written and submitted by user Damion Rivera to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATION Essays - Gender, Sex

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATION Essays - Gender, Sex GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATION In the twenty first century, communication is the essential aspect of a person .The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn't being said.There are several arguments between male and female communication styles.Firstly, communication is dependent on type of human brain and secondly, the gender is determination on the style of communication.Plus, the environment influences to develop communication with other people.However, Samuel Johnson said, Nature has given women so much power that the law has very wisely given them little. Before talking about gender differences in communication, I would like to express what gender difference is.In geneceral, gender difference is a distinction of biological and/or physiological characteristics typically associated with either males or females of a species in general. In the study of humans, socio-political issues arise in classifying whether a sex difference results from the biology of gender. The social ethic researchers argue that gender does not influence development of the communication styles.The structure of the brain determines the communication style. The brain is divided in two categories: feminine and masculine brains.The hormones that are produced in the human cause the division.People who have feminine brain are most likely to be successful as managers because they have more power of listening.On contrary, masculine brain are suitable to have jobs in physical and computer sciences, and mathematics.However, there are females who, have masculine brain that work as constructors. An experiment was conducted to evident the existence of feminine and masculine brain. The researchers discovered that most of the men and women in male typical jobs, such as carpentry, bricklaying, and taxi driving had a male organized brain.But men and women in female-typical jobs such as nursing, tended to have a female organized brain. These and several others tests have buttressed the theory that one?s choice of occupation is often coordinated with the degree of feminine or masculine of one?s brain. The gender plays an important role when we look at the communication in terms of science.Science argues that male and female differ in inherited biological DNA. Therefore, the difference in the DNA, they pose different characteristic traits.There are various common characteristics found in females affection, team oriented, moderation, tendency to become bogged in details, mutuality, right brain, and politeness.In contrast, males pose different characteristics in the workplace than females.They are more competitive, tight, think one way, not emotional.So, the different characteristics create different managers. Loden (1985) identified important managerial functions such as use of power, managing work relationships, problem solving, conflict, management, motivation of employees, goal-setting, decision-making and teamwork.She interviewed 200 women and 50 men in a wide variety of organizations and entrepreneurial businesses.The results traced two different styles of leadership: masculine and feminine.Feminine leadership was found to be involved with the emotional cues of human interaction, maintenance of close personal relationships and collaboration.It is a style that is linked to gender differences, early socialization and the unique set of life experiences of a woman. Masculine leadership sees the need for tight control, aggressive behavior and the ability to think with little emotional interaction.At the core of the difference are those women respond to situations by thinking and feeling.It deviates from the traditional role where the attainment of power is at the core.The participants agreed that both these styles can complement each other but at the time historically, this was not supported in organizations.There was corporate resistance to the feminine style. The main aspect that makes female successful to communicate better is their history in the past.The women hardships enable them to become compassionate toward people. They shared information with people because women were separated in the past from the outside environment.Their struggle in life made them to empower others.Women did not have the rights to make careers until in the early 1900?s until they get the opportunity to obtain education.Women studied went in depth to learn.Their experience of managing their family was a big advantage to become good managers, especially nourishing their children.Around 1980 the fields of communication was open to the women.About 60% females entered in the field of communication.In contrary about 40% males entered in this field.There were more and more female teachers to teach this course so it assisted females to progress

Websites Comparison Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Websites Comparison - Coursework Example The two websites have the different secondary audience. The secondary audience for the WebMD is patients of sick people or people carrying out research on medical subjects. Students studying medicine can use the information for studies. The secondary audience for Nationals Institutes of Health is the learning institution, NGO’s and government agencies. In order to provide medical help to the community NGO’s can use the information to identify the health institution available. The government can also monitor the health program available in order to make an improvement. The two websites use connection strategies to deliver the information to the primary audience. WebMD uses a connection from Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. People can share the information on the website to those social media platform and increase audience. National Institutes of Health uses You Tube, Facebook, Twitter and email updates connections. The subscribers are updates through email on daily basi s. Some of the jargons in WebMD include prodigy, sclerosis facts, schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis. Those jargons are used to explain different body complication. National Institutes of Health web has more scientific jargons and experiments that are technical. The images in the website include images of practical being carried out in a scientific lab. An average sentence length in the WebMD website is ten words and a paragraph is seven to eight sentences. Each paragraph is composed of different information.

Supply Chain Management in Zara & H&M Dissertation

Supply Chain Management in Zara & H&M - Dissertation Example The study "Supply Chain Management in Zara & H&M" targets to investigate the different supply chain behaviors that are being exercised by the different fashion retailers. Quick refers to the time it takes to release a product in the market, and quality refers to the product as a whole -- its components, or if it is in line with current fashion trend. One way of ensuring customer satisfaction is through the offering of quality goods and quick services. Because of this, firms are pressured to increase their productivity, reduce operational expenditures, and reduce lead times. Apparently, enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is needed so that organizations will obtain market value at this crucial moment. Supply chain networks succeed when the flow of information in organizations is not interrupted by any unwanted trouble. Members of the entire supply chain must be given permission to access timely information, and this information must flow to the direction where each and every mem ber is situated. The main role of ERP in the setting of an organization's SCM is for it to become equipped with an integrated information system. Most companies nowadays are experiencing pressure, and the reason for these is the shifts in demand. They are challenged to devise new ways of creating products as well as in finding various means to address the varying customer demands. The pressure that is being experienced by these manufacturing companies is made even complex as they expand the scope of their operations. both geographically and organizationally (Gattiker, 2007). In connection to the said circumstance, it is indeed timely to study a business strategy that targets to address the dynamic shifts that are already occurring in the manufacturing industry. While many types of manufacturing organizations are encountering such complexities, fashion retailers can become one good example of a firm that has been constantly experiencing the said changes. Supply chain (SC) coordinatio n gained relevance when organizations started to evolve. From then on, more attention is being given to the enterprise level management of supply chains than the factory level management (Gunansekaran, et al., cited in Akyuz & Erkan, 2010, p.5137). Because fast fashion has been becoming a trend in fashion retailing companies, the concept was chosen to become the focus of this study. Another reason why the concept was chosen is because of its correlation with supply chain management, for it has been considered a modern means applied by fashion companies to improve their supply chain which also part of their enterprise resource planning system (ERP). Research Approach: Quantitative Research This research is being built on a quantitative research approach, an approach that is widely used in testing the validity of existing theories. With this kind of approach to research, data collection is considered intense and continuous (Taylor, 2005, p.243). Quantitative research is useful in exam ining case studies that have been derived from theories and hypothesis; one reason why this approach to research analysis has been chosen for the study. In quantitative research, theories are developed through tests theory; thus, requiring the validity and reliability of information before one can begin

Processes of Communication

Processes of Communication We shall study the process and elements of communication. This will: Describe the process of communication Explain the elements of communication Describe the importance of communication process in our everyday life Introduction Communication is a process of sharing of ideas, facts, opinions and the manner by which receiver of the message shares meanings and understanding with another. The objective of any communication process is to send a set of knowledge, in the form of signs, words or visuals, to a specific destination. However, there are certain parameters which are responsible for this entire process. This lesson will focus on those essential factors which make communication process successful. Process of Communication Communication is a process that uses a set of media to transmit ideas, facts, and feelings from one person to another. For thousands of years messages were communicated through spoken voice, when the sender and the receiver were in face-to-face situation. Even today in India, oral communication seems to be a part of majority population. In face-to-face communication sender gets an immediate feedback. He then easily knows about the impact, further needs or demands of the receiver immediately. In this type of communication, the process remains limited to the sender and the receiver, where in, the channel is the spoken language. Let us take another example of a teacher teaching in a class. The teacher is using various combinations of basic forms of communication- spoken, written and visual. In the lecture, the teacher uses a black board or shows the chart. He also combines written words with spoken words. In this process, the sender becomes the teacher, the receiver becomes the students, and the channel becomes the audio-visual mode of teaching. The sender of the message selects when and what to communicate and also decides an appropriate medium for its transmission. The receiver takes the message, interprets, perceives and responds to it. The entire chain here becomes the communication process. As a process, it is routine and continues forever. Every time a person transmits the facts, ideas, opinions or feelings, another person responds in turn communicating facts, ideas, feelings or attitudes. It is a never ending process which is cyclic in nature. According to Wilbur Schramm, communication requires three things: The source The message The destination The source may be an individual speaking, nodding, gesturing or writing. The message may be in the form of sound-waves in the air, or a wave of the hand or a written letter etc. The important thing is that it should be conveyed clearly so that the receiver can interpret it easily. The destination may be an individual who is listening, watching or reading the message or it may be a group of people listening to a lecture or watching a film. Harold Lasswell suggested a convenient method of describing the process of communication. Answering the following questions holds the key to understand the act of communication. The questions are- Who? Says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect? Suppose two persons A and B are talking on telephone. Person A:Â  Hello, how are you? Person B:Â  I am fine, thank you. How are you? When are you visiting us? Person A:Â  I am fine too. I am coming tomorrow at 6 p.m. to your place. Person B:Â  Shall I pick you up from the airport? Person A:No thanks dear, I will reach myself. Person B:Â  All right, I will wait for you. In the above conversation, ‘Person A’ initiates the discussion then he is the source. ‘Who’ therefore means communicator or the source. ‘Person A’ is communicating to ‘Person B’. ‘Person B’ is the destination or ‘whom’. If the discussion is on phone then telephone is the channel used. Whatever ‘Person A’ is conveying to ‘Person B’ becomes the message. When ‘Person B’ responds to the message it is the feedback. Let’s see the Lasswell model once again: According to David K. Berlo, the whole sequence of communicating or the communication process involves six steps. The source or the initiator of the message encodes his thoughts, ideas, desires, objectives, and a purpose for communication, which is translated into a signs, symbols or code or a language. This is performed by the encoder who is responsible of taking the ideas of the source and putting them in a code, expressing the source’s purpose in a form of a message. The receiver is the target of any communication. The receiver decodes what is being communicated to him by the sender. He interprets the message and reacts accordingly. Thus, there are a few imperative components of communication which are the unchanging and dynamic essentials. Communication bridges the gap between two or more persons (sender and receiver) through producing and receiving messages which have meaning for both. How does communication take place? Encodes Decodes Sender2. Message 3. Channel4. Receiver Decodes Encodes 6. Feedback Sender of the message, first of all conceives the message in his mind and he encodes it in symbol, painting, music etc. The message thus encoded is transmitted to the receiver through a channel. The channel can be direct face-to-face-talk, telephonic conversation or through letters etc. The receiver of the message decodes it and after understanding it gives a proper response to it. If the response goes back to the sender then it is called feedback. Because of the feedback, the sender modifies his message or mode of communication to make it more effective. For Instance, if we talk about a famous film ‘Rang De Basanti’. Here, the sender is the director of the film Rakesh Om Prakash Mehra. The message is the film itself, the channel is cinema, receiver is the audience and the feedback of the film is that it was a hit. ________________________________________________________________________________ Elements of communication The elements involved in communication process are: Sender Message Encoding Channel Receiver Decoding Feedback SENDER The sender is the communicator of the message. He is the one who transmits the message. He conceives and initiates the message. He is the one who thinks of an idea that he wants to communicate and accordingly fixes on a specific channel, to the capacity of the receiver. He transmits the message in such manner that it is easily understandable to the receiver. MESSAGE Message can be defined as a data, idea or information, spoken or written, to be passed from one person to another. It is the subject matter of communication. It may involve any fact, idea, opinion, figure, attitude or course of action, including information. Message is constructed by a set of codes that has an interpretation and an individual understanding to both sender and the receiver. The code could be verbal, non-verbal or written. A code can be defined as group of symbols that can be structured in a meaningful way. Languages are codes, which contain elements like sounds, letters, words, etc. For instance, a song is a code, which has notes, syntax, tune, rhythm etc. Any form of communication thus requires code. Thus, message exists in the mind of the sender, who selects a set of codes to encode the message according to the needs of receiver. ENCODING The process of converting the subject matter into a set of codes or symbols is called encoding. The transmission of a message from sender to the receiver requires the use of codes. Therefore, the sender plans to encode the message in a particular way, depending upon the receptive power of the receiver. The sender or the communicator constructs the message using a set of codes. These codes encode the ideas for the receiver in a specific format and thereafter are delivered to its destination in the form of a message. CHANNEL After message is encoded in a format, sender decides a channel to transmit the message. Communication channel refers to medium or media through which the message is disseminated. The channel or mode of communication should be selected by the sender in such a way that it is fully understood by the receiver. For example, if the message is a song, the channel becomes the audio medium of communication. If the message is in written forms, the channel can be in the form of letters, reports, manuals, circulars, notes, books etc. Television and films use audio-visual channels of communication. RECEIVER Receiver refers to the person to whom the message is intended. Sender of the message constructs a particular message for the receiver. The receiver decodes the message and understands it. He should be mentally and emotionally prepared to receive the message. Message should be conveyed in such a manner that the receiver is able to comprehend it fully. An effective communication can not take place without the presence of receiver. He receives, interprets, perceives, understands and acts upon the message. For example if the message is a film, the receiver is the audience. DECODING When encoded message is translated and understood by the receiver, it is called decoding. The receiver converts the symbols, words or signs received from the sender to know the meaning of the message. Decoding of the message depends on the perception and the interpretation of the receiver alone. Decoding makes the message clearer and it is converted into ordinary understandable language by the receiver. FEEDBACK On receiving the message, the reactions given by the receiver is called his feedback. Feedback is very essential in the process of communication. The continuity in communication is established only when feedback is generated. Communication is a process of action and reaction. Exchange of responses is an imperative thing in this process. Unless the sender is not aware of the response or feedback of the receiver, he cannot communicate further to make the communication effective. The sending back of knowledge about the message to the transmitter is known as feedback. For example, if the film is a message, the receiver is the audience, the feedback becomes the responses of the audience i.e. if they liked the film or not. Assignments Class Assignments Whispering Gallery Play the game ‘Whispering Gallery’. The game can be played with a group of 10-15 students. A class can be divided into three or four such groups. The game begins with a group leader whispering a message to the first member of the group, who then whispers it to the second and so on, till the message reaches the last member of the group. The leader checks to see how much the message has been changed. All groups may discuss the reasons for the transformation of the messages while they were playing the game. Write down what the game tells about the communication process. Home Assignments Draw the process of communication. Fill the following table: Summing Up Communication is often considered as an activity only. In reality, it is actually a process. The process of communication includes transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills, and knowledge. This is done with the help of symbols, words, pictures, figures, graphs, drawings, and illustrations, etc. Again, communication is the process by which we understand and in turn try to be understood by others. It is dynamic, constantly changing and shifting in response to the overall situation. Therefore, communication can be described as the interchange of thoughts or ideas. This is also referred as sharing of meaning. The thought is conceived by the sender and reaches the receiver after going through all the steps in the ‘information transfer’ or communication process. The sender first process the thought he has received for clarity as to what exactly he wants to convey to his receiver. Once there is clarity in the message to be transmitted sender decides channel through which he wants to convey the message. When the message reaches the receiver he interprets the message and follows the same steps that were followed by the sender. Possible answers to Self-Check questions (c) We cannot communicate through gestures. Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver-Response of the receiver Sender, Message, Encoding, Channel, Decoding, Receiver, Feedback True Encoding (a) Converting message in an understandable language. Terminal Questions Explain the components of the communication process Explain Harold Lasswell’s process of communication in detail. According to Wilbur Schramm, what are the three essential things to the process of communication? Explain in detail. Suggested Further Readings 1. Communication- C.S Rayudu (Himalaya Publishing House) 2. Mass Communication in India- Kewal J. Kumar (Jaico Publications) 3. Mass Communication Theory- Denis McQuail (Sage) 4. Understanding Mass Communication- Defleur Dennis (Hougptons Mifflin Company) Keywords Source: A place from which something comes, arises, or is obtained; origin. Transmission: To send or forward something to a recipient or destination. Response: An answer or reply, as in words or in some action. Destination: The place to which a person, thing or a message travels or is sent. Feedback: A reaction or response to a particular process or activity. Receiver: A person or audience that is being informed. Channel: A medium, carrier or a method through which something is directed. Encoding: To convert a message into a form that can be received by the receiver. Decoding: To convert a message from code into ordinary language. Interpretation: An explanation of the meaning of anothers artistic or creative work; an elucidation.